Tight gas development is, from a variety of viewpoints, an underappreciated component of the unconventional oil and gas industry. Like shale, this unconventional resource will enjoy double-digit percentage point growth in E&P capital expenditure over the next 5 years. Large-scale production is limited to North America and China, a situation that will have changed by 2023. Visiongain has determined that the value of capital expenditure on Tight Gas E&P efforts will reach $8,718.9m in 2013.
Not until 2011 did shale gas production overtake the contribution of tight gas to US domestic natural gas supply. Without the development of the tight gas industry – now decades old – drilling and completion techniques capable of extracting gas from shale formations would not have evolved.
However, the tight gas industry is only a notable part of the natural gas supply picture in North America and China. The entrance of China is a recent development, but is the most important for future spending on tight gas E&P efforts. Shale gas and coalbed methane production are far lower than is desired and ambitious targets for domestic natural gas production, set by the Chinese government, will need to be met with ever-increasing volumes of tight gas.
Argentina and Oman help to buttress this capital expenditure, whilst market spaces such as Europe and Australia are delayed by an inability to access any economy of scale. Indeed, a high cost drilling and completion environment, combined with environmental opposition to hydraulic fracturing, create barriers to tight gas E&P that prevent capital deployment. Further limitations include artificially low natural gas prices and the depressed hub prices of North America.
Liquids-rich tight gas formations have become crucial to project economics, especially in North America. Aside from rig efficiency gains and E&P targeting liquids-rich plays, tight gas developers in this region will, in the long-term, rely on the ability to access export markets via LNG.
Despite limitations, mostly as a result of gas prices or drilling and completion cost, the overall picture for tight gas is positive. Plentiful reserves, a growing global natural gas market and extensive experience born from decades of North American development are just some of the factors that enable capital expenditure expansion over the next 10 years.
What makes this report unique?
Visiongain consulted widely with industry experts and full transcripts from these exclusive interviews are included in the report. As such, the report has a unique blend of primary and secondary sources providing informed opinion. The report provides insight into key the drivers for, and restraints on, tight gas E&P capital expenditure. It also identifies future growth areas, analyses leading companies and provides a unique blend of qualitative analysis combined with extensive quantitative data, including global and regional market forecasts from 2013-2023 – all highlighting key business opportunities.
Why you should buy the Shale Gas vs. Tight Gas: Quantifying The Tight Gas Market 2013-2023
• 171 pages of comprehensive analysis
• 3 Exclusive Visiongain interviews with:
– Alan Flavelle, Executive Chairman at Greenpower Energy.
– Viktor Soreg, Director of Exploration Portfolio Management for the Eurasian region at MOL Group.
– Stephen Keenihan, Chief Executive Officer, Managing Director and Executive Director of Transerv Energy.
• 100 tables, charts, figures, maps and graphs
• Tight Gas E&P CAPEX forecasts between 2013-2023 globally and for five leading national markets
– Argentina,
– Canada,
– China,
– Oman
– US.
– A European region market forecast, including Individualised outlooks for Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Turkey and the Ukraine.
– 'Rest of the World' market forecast including Individualised outlooks for Algeria, Brazil, Chile, Jordan and Saudi Arabia. The Rest of the World market also includes in Depth analysis of tight gas developments in Australia.
– Rest of Asia' market – including individualised outlooks for India, Pakistan and Turkmenistan.
• A PEST analysis
• In-Depth analysis of the five leading tight gas E&P companies.
– Anadarko
– BP
– ExxonMobil
– PetroChina
– Royal Dutch Shell
You can order this report today
Gain an understanding of how to tap into the potential of this market by ordering Shale Gas vs. Tight Gas: Quantifying The Tight Gas Market 2013-2023.
Visiongain is a trading partner with the US Federal Government
CCR Ref number: KD4R6
1. Executive Summary
1.1 The Global Tight Gas Market Overview
1.2 Benefits of This Report
1.3 Who is This Report For?
1.4 Methodology
1.5 Global Market Forecast 2013-2023
1.6 Leading Tight Gas Market Forecasts 2013-2023
2. Introduction to the Global Tight Gas Market
2.1 Definition of Tight Gas
2.2 Tight Gas Market Definition
2.3 'Dry Gas' versus 'Wet Gas'
2.4 Tight Gas Market Structure Overview
2.5 Characteristics of Tight Gas Drilling - Recovery Rate, Estimated Ultimate Recovery and Decline Curves
2.6 Tight Gas Stimulation Techniques
2.7 History of Tight Gas Exploration and Production
3. Global Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023
3.1 Global Tight Gas Drivers & Restraints
3.2 How Much Tight Gas is there Worldwide?
3.3 Production Techniques, Challenges and Rig Efficiency
3.4 Tight Gas: The Forgotten Predecessor of Shale Gas
3.5 The Global Gas Market and Tight Gas Economics
4. Leading Tight Gas Markets Forecast 2013-2023
4.1 Leading Tight Gas Markets Share Forecast 2013-2023
4.2 Barriers to Entry Analysis for the Global Tight Gas Market
4.3 US Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023
4.3.1 Regional Distribution of Tight Gas Assets and CAPEX Focus
4.3.1.1 Tight Gas Development Hot Spots
4.3.2 US Tight Gas Economics
4.3.2.1 US Tight Gas Return on Investment Analysis
4.3.2.2 Plugging and Abandoning: When Does the OPEX of an Old Tight Gas Well Become Too Much To Bear?
4.3.2.3 US Natural Gas Demand, Price Dynamics and their Impact on Tight Gas E&P
4.3.3 Drilling Techniques and EUR
4.3.4 Tight Gas vs. Shale Gas
4.3.5 Drivers & Restraints on Tight Gas CAPEX in the US
4.3.5.1 Drivers
4.3.5.2 Restraints
4.4 Chinese Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023
4.4.1 Tight Gas Resources, Production Growth and Production Targets
4.4.2 Price Dynamics and Chinese Tight Gas Development
4.4.3 Chinese Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
4.4.3.1 Drivers
4.4.3.2 Restraints
4.5 Omani Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023
4.5.1 Omani Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
4.6 European Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023
4.6.1 European Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
4.6.2 Rig Availability in Europe
4.6.3 Tight Gas Economics in Europe
4.6.4 The Future of Oil-Indexed Gas Contract Pricing in Europe
4.6.5 European Tight Gas Markets
4.6.6 Dutch Tight Gas Outlook
4.6.7 German Tight Gas Outlook
4.6.8 Hungarian Tight Gas Outlook
4.6.9 North Sea Tight Gas Outlook
4.6.10 Polish Tight Gas Outlook
4.6.11 Slovenian Tight Gas Outlook
4.6.12 Turkish Tight Gas Outlook
4.6.13 Ukrainian Tight Gas Outlook
4.7 Canadian Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023
4.7.1 Canadian Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
4.7.2 Tight Gas Market Access
4.7.3 The Role of Canadian Gas Consumption
4.7.4 Access to Markets: Pipelines and LNG Export Markets
4.7.5 How do Canadian LNG Exports Compare Against US Competition?
4.7.6 British Columbia Natural Gas Pipelines
4.7.7 The Role of the Global Gas Market
4.7.8 The Threat of East African Supply
4.7.9 Canadian Tight Gas Formations and Current E&P
4.8 Argentinean Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023
4.8.1 Argentinean Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
4.8.1.1 Drivers
4.8.1.2 Restraints
4.9 Rest of the World Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023
4.9.1 Australian Tight Gas Market Outlook- In Depth
4.9.1.1 Australian Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
4.9.1.2 Access to Markets and Natural Gas Price Dynamics
4.9.1.3 Why the Cooper Basin is Leading the Way for Tight Gas E&P
4.9.1.4 What is Restricting Australian Tight Gas Development?
4.9.1.5 Tight Gas Basins in Australia and Current Progress
4.9.1.5.1 Cooper Basin
4.9.1.5.2 Perth Basin
4.9.1.5.3 Other Active Plays for Tight Gas E&P
4.9.2 Algerian Tight Gas Market Outlook
4.9.3 Brazilian Tight Gas Outlook
4.9.4 Chilean Tight Gas Outlook
4.9.5 Jordanian Tight Gas Outlook
4.9.6 Saudi Arabian Tight Gas Market Outlook
4.10 Rest of Asia Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023
4.10.1 Indian Tight Gas Outlook
4.10.2 Pakistani Tight Gas Outlook
4.10.3 Turkmenistan Tight Gas Prospects
5. PEST Analysis of the Global Tight Gas Market 2013-2023
6. Expert Opinion
6.1 Greenpower Energy Ltd.
6.1.1 Greenpower Energy Ltd. and Tight Gas
6.1.2 Multi-Stage Hydraulic Fracturing in Australia
6.1.3 Horizontal Drilling Expertise in Australia
6.1.4 Tight Gas EURs and Horizontal Drilling
6.1.5 Constraints on the Development of the Perth Basin
6.1.6 Ability to Procure Drilling Equipment in Australia
6.1.7 Drilling and Completion Costs in Australia
6.1.8 Tight Gas in Australia
6.1.9 Tight Gas Prospects Worldwide
6.2 Transerv Energy
6.2.1 Transerv Energy and Tight Gas
6.2.2 Tight Gas Development Techniques and Considerations
6.2.3 Drilling Cost in Western Australia
6.2.4 Coordination of Drilling Programmes
6.2.5 Expertise Availability
6.2.6 Logic Behind Spending Commitments in Western Australia
6.2.7 Regulatory Environment in Australia
6.2.8 Tight Gas Outside of the Perth Basin
6.2.9 Perth Basin Access to Markets
6.2.10 Tight Gas Prospects Outside of Australia
6.2.11 Cost Environment and Tight Gas Development Issues in Europe
6.2.12 Tight Gas Drilling and Completion Costs
6.2.13 Canadian Tight Gas Market Prospects
6.3 MOL Group
6.3.1 MOL Group Involvement in Tight Gas Development
6.3.2 Tight Gas Development Methods
6.3.3 Tight Gas Estimated Ultimate Recovery
6.3.4 Tight Gas Drilling Approaches
6.3.5 Tight Gas in Europe
6.3.6 Tight Gas Prospects Outside of Hungary
6.3.7 Tight Gas Drilling and Completion Costs
7. Leading Companies in the Tight Gas Market
7.1 Anadarko Company Overview and Analysis
7.1.1 Cash Reserves and Future Developments
7.2 BP Company Overview and Analysis
7.2.1 First Mover Advantage in Gulf Tight Gas
7.2.2 Khazzan and Future Outlook
7.3 ExxonMobil Company Overview and Analysis
7.4 PetroChina Company Overview and Analysis
7.5 Royal Dutch Shell Company Overview and Analysis
7.6 Other Leading Companies in the Tight Gas Market
8. Conclusions
8.1 Global Tight Gas Market Outlook
8.2 Tight Gas Drilling and Completion Costs
8.3 Global Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
8.4 Global Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023
8.5 Leading Tight Gas Market Forecasts 2013-2023
9. Glossary
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Global Tight Gas Market Forecast Summary 2013, 2018, 2023 ($m, CAGR %)
Table 1.2 Leading Tight Gas Market Forecasts Summary 2013, 2018, 2023 ($m, CAGR %)
Table 3.1 Global Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Table 3.2 Global Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 4.1 Leading Tight Gas Markets Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %)
Table 4.2 US Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %, CAGR%)
Table 4.3 US Tight Gas Market Drivers and Restraints
Table 4.4 Chinese Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %, CAGR%)
Table 4.5 Chinese Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 4.6 Omani Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %)
Table 4.7 Omani Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 4.8 European Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %, CAGR%)
Table 4.9 European Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 4.10 Canadian Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %, CAGR%)
Table 4.11 Canadian Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 4.12 Proposed Canadian LNG Export Terminals (Location, Operator/Owner, Capacity, Construction Cost, Status)
Table 4.13 Liquefaction Infrastructure Project Costs Per Tonne of Capacity (Project Name, Country, $/Tonne of Production, Status)
Table 4.14 Proposed Natural Gas Pipelines for British Columbia (Pipeline Name, Lead Company, Distance, Capacity, Start Point, End Point)
Table 4.15 Likely East African LNG Export Terminals (Country, Companies Involved, Export Capacity, Estimated Cost ($bn), Status)
Table 4.16 Argentinean Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %, CAGR%)
Table 4.17 Argentinean Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 4.18 Major International & Domestic Unconventional Gas Companies Operating in Argentina
Table 4.19 Rest of the World (RoW) Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %)
Table 4.20 Australian Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 4.21 Australian LNG Export/Liquefaction Terminals Under Construction; East Australia Coast Projects Highlighted (Location, Operator/Owner, Capacity, Construction Cost $, Construction Period)
Table 4.22 Rest of Asia Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR %, CAGR%)
Table 5.1 PEST Analysis of the Global Tight Gas Market 2013-2023
Table 7.1 Leading Five Companies in the Tight Gas Market 2013 (Ranking, Total Revenue ($bn), CAPEX ($bn)
Table 7.2 Anadarko Overview (Total CAPEX, Revenue, Net Income, Long-Term Debt, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 7.3 BP Overview (Total CAPEX, Revenue, Net Income, Net Debt, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 7.4 ExxonMobil Overview (Total CAPEX, Revenue, Net Income, Long-Term Debt, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 7.5 PetroChina Overview (Total CAPEX, Revenue, Debt, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 7.6 Royal Dutch Shell Energy Overview (Revenue, Net Income $m, Long Term Debt, HQ, Ticker, Website)
Table 7.7 Proposed Canadian LNG Export Terminals (Location, Operator/Owner, Capacity, Construction Cost, Status)
Table 7.8 Other Companies Actively Exploring and Developing Tight Gas Assets (Company, Main Country of E&P Activity)
Table 8.1 Global Tight Gas Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 8.2 Global Tight Gas Market Forecast Summary 2013, 2018, 2023 ($m, CAGR %)
Table 8.3 Leading Tight Gas Market Forecasts Summary 2013, 2018, 2023 ($bn, CAGR %)
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Conventional & Unconventional Hydrocarbon Resources Cross-Section
Figure 2.2 Natural Gas Resource Triangle
Figure 2.3 Global Tight Gas Market Structure Overview
Figure 2.4 Horizontal Drilling and Hydraulic Fracturing
Figure 2.5 Historical Henry Hub Prices, 1997-2012 ($/MMBTU)
Figure 3.1 Global Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 4.1 Leading Tight Gas Markets Forecast 2013-2023 ($m)
Figure 4.2 Leading Tight Gas Markets CAGR% Forecast 2013-2023
Figure 4.3 Leading Tight Gas Markets Share Forecast 2013 (%)
Figure 4.4 Leading Tight Gas Markets Share Forecast 2018 (%)
Figure 4.5 Leading Tight Gas Markets Share Forecast 2023 (%)
Figure 4.6 Leading Tight Gas Market Share Change, 2013-2023 (%)
Figure 4.7 Leading Tight Gas Markets Share Forecast 2013-2023 (%)
Figure 4.8 Barriers to Entry vs. Leading Market Size 2013-2023 vs. CAGR% 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 4.9 US Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 4.10 US Tight Gas Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 4.11 Henry Hub Natural Gas Price ($/MMBTU), January 2000 - May 2013
Figure 4.12 US Tight Gas Plays, Lower 48 States
Figure 4.13 US Tight Gas Reserves, by region (tcf, % total)
Figure 4.14 US Tight Gas Production and Production Forecast, 1993-2023 (tcf)
Figure 4.15 Tight Gas Return on Investment (ROI) Analysis: Fixed $2.5m CAPEX ($m) & Variable Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) (bcf) vs. ROI (%)
Figure 4.16 Tight Gas Return on Investment (ROI) Analysis: Fixed 4.0bcf Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) & Variable CAPEX ($m) vs. ROI (%)
Figure 4.17 Tight Gas Well OPEX ($) & Profit ($) vs. Production Rate (mcfd); Assuming Gas Price of $3.50/mcf
Figure 4.18 Tight Gas Well OPEX ($) & Profit ($) vs. Gas Price ($/mcf); Assuming Production Rate of 50mcfd
Figure 4.19 New Mexico Annual Natural Gas Production by Resource Type incl. Tight Gas (bcf), 1970-2010
Figure 4.20 US Domestic Natural Gas Demand (incl. Forecast), 2010-2023 (Quadrillion BTU)
Figure 4.21 US Sources of Natural Gas 1990-2022 Actual & Forecast (tcf)
Figure 4.22 North American LNG Import and Export Terminals (as of April 2013)
Figure 4.23 Map of LNG Import and Export Terminals in North America (as of April 2013)
Figure 4.24 US Natural Gas Consumption and Projection, 1995-2040 (quadrillion Btu)
Figure 4.25 US Rig Count, January 2007 - January 2013 (Number of Oil Rigs, Number of Gas Rigs, %Gas)
Figure 4.26 North Dakota Natural Gas Production, 2000-2011 (mmcfd)
Figure 4.27 Chinese Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 4.28 Chinese Tight Gas Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 4.29 Omani Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 4.30 Omani Tight Gas Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 4.31 European Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 4.32 European Tight Gas Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 4.33 Rotliegend Formation - Conventional and Unconventional Development of the Formation is Marked
Figure 4.34 Canadian Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 4.35 Canadian Tight Gas Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 4.36 AECO-C Historical Price (2001-2012), $/MMBTU
Figure 4.37 Volume of US Natural Gas Imports and Exports by Pipeline & LNG 2001-2012 (mmcf)
Figure 4.38 Canadian Domestic Gas Demand, 2012-2023 (tcf/y)
Figure 4.39 Natural Gas Reserves in US, Canada, Australia, Tanzania, Mozambique (tcf)
Figure 4.40 East Africa LNG Export Facility CAPEX, 2012-2023 ($m)
Figure 4.41 West Canada Natural Gas Producing Areas
Figure 4.42 Argentinean Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 4.43 Argentinean Tight Gas Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 4.44 RoW Tight Gas Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 4.45 RoW Tight Gas Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 4.46 Australian Natural Gas Consumption, Total, Total (Conventional), Total (CBM), (bcm), 1964-2011
Figure 4.47 East Australia LNG Export Terminals and Cooper Basin Access via Natural Gas Pipelines
Figure 4.48 Australian Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines (Gas Production, Oil/Gas Production, Oil Production, Gas Pipeline, Oil Pipeline, Pipeline under Construction, Proposed Pipeline)
Figure 4.49 Algerian Natural Gas Production 2002-2012 (bcf/d)
Figure 4.50 Chilean Gross Domestic Product, 2008-2012 ($bn, AGR%)
Figure 4.51 Saudi Primary Energy Consumption Production 2002-2012 (Million Tonnes of Oil Equivalent)
Figure 4.52 Rest of Asia Market Forecast 2013-2023 ($m, AGR%)
Figure 4.53 Rest of Asia Market Share Forecast 2013, 2018 and 2023 (% Share)
Figure 7.1 ExxonMobil US Tight Gas Acreage (1,000s of Acres)
Figure 8.1 Leading Tight Gas Markets CAGR% Forecast 2013-2023
Figure 8.2 Leading Tight Gas Markets Forecast 2013-2023 ($m)
Alcoa
America Petrogas
Anadarko
Angola LNG
Apache Corp
ARC Resources Ltd.
Ascent Resources
Aurelian Oil and Gas
AWE
Baker Hughes
BC LNG Export Cooprative LLC
Beach Energy
Berry Petroleum
BG Group
BHP Billiton
Bill Barrett
BNK Petroleum
BP
BP America
BPRL
Bridas
Cambridge Energy
Cheniere
Chesapeake Energy
Chevron
Chevron Canada
Chubu Electric Power
Cimarex Energy
ConocoPhillips
Cordillera Energy Partners
Cove Energy
CNPC (China National Petroleum Company)
Crescent Point Energy
Devon Energy
Dominion Resources
East Bluebell
EBN
ENAP
Encana Corporation
ENH
ENI
EOG Resouces
ExxonMobil
Falcon Oil and Gas
Fenix Consulting Delft
Fluor Corporation
Forest Oil
Freeport LNG Development
FX Energy
Gasfin
Gastar
Gazprom
GazpromNeft
General Electric (GE)
Greenpower Energy
Griffin Energy
Halliburton
Haisla
Harvest Natural Resources
Hutton Energy
HydroAysen
Imetame Energia
INA (Croatia)
Inpex
Iskander
Ivanhoe Energy
JAPEX
JGC Corporation
JKX Oil and Gas
Jordanian National Electricity and Power Company
Kerr-McGee
Kestral Energy
Korea Gas Corporation
Kulcyzk Oil Ventures Inc
Kuwait Foreign Petroleum
LASMO
Leyshon Resources
LNG Limited
LNG Partners LLC
Liberty Natural Gas
Linn Energy
Marathon
Mari Gas Company Ltd
Metgasco
Mitsubishi Corporation
Mitsui
MOL Group
MOL Hungary
Nadra Yuzivska LLC
Netherland, Sewell & Associates
Newfield Exploration
New Times Energy Corporation
Norwest Energy
Novatek
Novus Petroleum
OGX
Oilex Ltd
Oman LNG
Oman Gas Company
Oman Oil Company for Exploration and Production (OOCEP)
OMV
Oregon LNG
Origin Energy
Osaka Gas
Pangea LNG
Penn Virginia
Petra Energia SA
PetroChina
Petronas
Pierdae Energy Canada
Polish Oil & Gas Company
Poltava Petroleum Company
Progress Energy Canada
Petrobras
PTT Exploration and Production
Queensland Gas Company
Questar
Range Resources
Repsol
RWE
San Leon Energy
Santos
Saudi Aramco
Schlumberger
Serinus Energy
Senex
Shell
Shell Australia
Shell Canada
Sinopec
Spectra Energy
Statoil
Swift Energy
Talisman Energy
Tiger Energy Partners
Toho Gas
Tokyo Gas
Total
TransCanada
Transerv Energy
UIL Energy
Ukrgasvydobuvannya
Ute Energy Upstream Holdings
Vale
Valuera Energy
Videocon
Warrego Energy
Wintershall
Woodside
XTO Energy
YPF
Government Agencies and Other Organisation Mentioned in This Report
Australian Department of Energy, Resources and Tourism
Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
Canadian National Energy Board
European Union (EU)
Government of South Australia
Imperial College London
National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) - China
New Mexico Oil Conservation Division
OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)
Queensland Government
State Pricing Bureau (China)
University of Western Australia
US Department of Energy
US Department of the Interior
US Energy Information Agency (EIA)
US Geological Survey
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