1. Executive Summary
1.1 Market Review: Growth to 2024 Will Be Strong
1.2 Cephalosporins Class Leads the Market
1.3 Aims, Scope and Format of the Report
1.4 Research Methods
2. Introduction to Bacterial Infections and Their Treatment
2.1 Bacteria: An Introduction
2.1.1 Bacterial Classification
2.1.2 What is Bacterial Infection?
2.1.3 Bacterial Invasiveness
2.1.4 Bacterial Toxigenicity
2.1.5 Bacterial Virulence
2.1.6 The Factors that Govern the Transmission of Bacterial Disease
2.1.7 Clinically-Important Bacteria
2.2 Bacterial Disease Statistics
2.2.1 Infectious Diseases - Major Cause of Deaths Worldwide
2.2.2 Risk Factors for Bacterial Infections
2.2.3 Re-emergence of Infectious Diseases – A Major Global Threat
2.3 Definition of Antibacterials
2.4 The History of Antibacterials
2.4.1 The Discovery of Penicillin
2.4.2 Early Use of Penicillin
2.4.3 Penicillin Resistance
2.4.4 Discovery of Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol & Tetracycline
2.4.5 Antibacterial Effects
2.5 The Principal Mechanisms of Action for Antibacterials
2.5.1 Antibacterials as Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
2.5.2 Antibacterials as Cell Membrane Inhibitors
2.5.3 Antibacterials as Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
2.5.4 The Effects of Antibacterials on Nucleic Acids
2.5.5 Antibiotics as Competitive Inhibitors
2.6 Antibacterial Classification by Chemical Structure
2.6.1 Penicillin
2.6.2 Semi-synthetic Penicillins
2.6.3 Carbapenems
2.6.4 Cephalosporins
2.6.5 Quinolones and Fluoroquinolones
2.6.6 Tetracyclines
2.6.7 Aminoglycosides
2.6.8 Sulphonamides
2.6.9 Macrolides
2.6.10 Glycopeptides
2.6.11 Oxazolidinones
2.7 Broad-Spectrum and Narrow-Spectrum Antibacterials
3. The World Market for Antibacterials 2009-2024
3.1 The Global Anti-Infectives Market 2009
3.2 The Worldwide Anti-Bacterial Drug Market
3.3 Cephalosporins: Current Market Leaders
3.4 Highly Fragmented Antibacterials Market
3.5 Will Cephalosporins Continue Their Domination of the Market?
3.6 Miscellaneous Class Will Display High Revenues from 2009 to 2024
3.7 Levaquin is Currently the World's Leading Antibacterial Agent - But will it Last?
3.8 Patent Expiry Will Slow Growth Rates
3.9 Prescriptions for Antibiotics in the Developed World Are Falling
3.10 Pharmaceutical Companies Accept that Future Antibacterial Blockbuster Drugs Will Be Increasingly Rare
3.11 Generic Drugs Are Not Necessarily Cheap
3.12 Competition in the Antibacterials Drug Market to Become Increasingly Intense
4. The World Market for Cephalosporins, 2009-2024
4.1 An Overview
4.2 Cephalosporins Will Suffer from Patent Expiration
4.3 Rocephin is Current Leader in the Cephalosporins Market
4.4 Rocephin Will Further Decline in Growth
4.4.1 Rocephin's Eroding Market Share Due to Generic Competition
4.5 Shionogi's Flomox is the Second-Leading Cephalosporin
4.6 Zinnat (GSK) - the Third-Leading Cephalosporin Worldwide
4.7 Leading Pharmaceutical Companies in the Cephalosporin Class
4.8 Cephalosporin Sales by Region
5. The World Market for Broad Spectrum Penicillins, 2008-2013
5.1 Penicillins Will Retain Their Niche Despite a Marked Decline in Sales
5.2 Tazocin is The Current Market Leader for the Penicillin Class
5.3 Can GSK's Augmentin Overcome Generic Competition?
5.4 Pfizer’s Unasyn: Third Best Selling Broad-Spectrum Penicillin
5.5 Why Will Penicillin’s Lose Market Share?
5.6 Leading Companies in the Broad-Spectrum Penicillins Class
5.7 Broad Spectrum Penicillins Sales by Region
6. The World Market for Fluoroquinolones, 2008-2013
6.1 An Overview
6.2 Increased Competition Will Lower Revenues Among the Fluoroquinolones
6.3 Fluoroquinolones Linked With Side Effects
6.4 Will J&J's Levaquin Still Dominate The Fluoroquinolones Market After Patent Expiration?
6.4.1 Levaquin Faces Generic Competition
6.4.2 Levaquin Approved for Urinary Tract Infections and Acute Pyelonephritis
6.5 Avelox Will Exhibit Steady Growth
6.5.1 Head-to-Head Study Finds Avelox to be More Effective in Patients with CAP
6.5.2 Avelox Monotherapy as Effective as Combination Therapy in Patients with Severe CAP
6.5.3 Avelox Monotherapy as Effective as Multi-Dose Combination Therapy in Patients with cIAI
6.5.4 Bayer Warns Doctors on Rare Avelox Side Effects
6.6 Cravit Will Gradually Decline in Sales
6.7 Leading Companies for the Fluoroquinolones Class, 2009
6.8 Fluoroquinolones Sales by Region and Country, 2009
7. The World Market for Macrolides, 2009-2024
7.1 The Macrolides Will Face Decreased Growth
7.1.1 Macrolides: Possible Extra Indications May Expand the Market
7.1.2 The Immunomodulatory Effects of Macrolides May Aid Revenue Growth
7.1.3 Macrolides May Have a Clinical Use in Other Chronic Lower-Airway Diseases
7.2 Abbott's Klacid/Biaxin Leads This Market
7.2.1 Klacid/Biaxin Suffers from Generic Competition
7.3 Zithromax Faces Negative Growth
7.4 Dalacin C: The Third-Leading Brand in Macrolide Class In 2009
7.5 Leading Companies for Macrolides and Similar Agents, 2009
7.6 Macrolides and Similar Agents: Sales by Region
8. The World Market for Carbapenems, 2009-2024
8.1 Carbapenems Will See High Growth
8.2 Merrem (AstraZeneca) Leads the Market in 2009
8.2.1 Merrem Received FDA Approval for Complicated Skin Infections
8.3 Merck & Co's Zienam is Second-Leading Drug in This Market
8.4 Invanz Exhibits Strong Growth
8.5 Leading Companies for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
8.6 Macrolides and Similar Types: Sales by Region
9. The World Market for Miscellaneous Antibacterials, 2009-2024
9.1 Miscellaneous Antibacterials Will See High Growth
9.2 Pfizer's Blockbuster Zyvox Leads the Market
9.2.1 Will Zyvox Overtake Levaquin to Become the New Market Leader in the Antibacterials Sector?
9.3 Cubist’s Cubicin Set to Become a Blockbuster
9.4 Solodyn Will Show Strong Growth in the Next Decade
10. Analysis of Factors That Influence the Global Antibacterials Market
10.1 SWOT Analysis of the Antibacterials Market
10.2 Drivers and Restraints on Market Growth
10.2.1 Market Drivers
10.2.2 Market Restraints
10.3 To What Extent is the Antibacterials Market Threatened by Generic Substitutes?
10.3.1 The Threat of Generic Drugs to Original Branded Products
10.4 Lifecycle Management Strategies Will Become More Prominent to Protect Soon-to-be-Off-Patent Drugs
10.5 Additional Indications for Currently-Available Brands May be an Advantage
10.6 Antibacterial Resistance is Due to Increased Infection Rates and Antibacterial Overuse
10.6.1 Concerns over Antibacterial Use
10.6.2 FDA Measures on Bacterial Resistance
10.6.3 Tackling Antibacterial Resistance
10.6.4 The Use of Narrow Spectrum Antibacterials is the Best Strategy to Avoid Resistance
10.6.5 Antibiotics in the US Carry Warnings Against Overuse
10.7 Comparative Studies - a Two Edged Sword
10.8 Challenges that Face Antibacterial Pharmaceutical Developers
10.9 Future Antibacterial Blockbuster Drug Sales Increasingly Difficult
10.10 Antibacterials in the Developing Countries
10.11 The Future of the Antibacterials Market - Closing Comments
11. Visiongain Interviews with Relevant Experts
11.1 Firsthand Interview for Expert Opinion 1: Dr John Philpott-Howard
11.1.1 Key Unmet Need
11.1.2 About Research and Development
11.1.3 Problems with Current Use of Antibiotics
11.1.4 Challenges in Development of Antibiotics
11.1.5 Technologies and Strategies for the Discovery of New Antibacterial Agents
11.1.6 Complexities Involved in Developing Antibiotics
11.1.7 Growth Opportunities in the Antibacterial Market
11.1.8 Antibacterial Pipeline Developments from the Physician’s Perspective
11.1.9 Prospects for Replacing Current Antibiotics
11.1.10 Prospects for Replacing Cephalosporins
11.1.11 Main Regions Offering Growth Potential Worldwide
11.2 Firsthand Interview for Expert Opinion 2: Dr Eileen C. McIntyre
11.2.1 Unmet Needs in Antimicrobials Market
11.2.2 Will Current Antimicrobials be Superseded in the Foreseeable Future?
11.2.3 Cephalosporins: Looking to the Future
11.2.4 Prospects for Antimicrobials in the Developing Nations
12. The Antibacterial Drug Pipeline
12.1 The Cephalosporins Pipeline
12.2 Ceftaroline Fosamil (Cerexa)
12.3 CXA 101 (Calixa)
12.4 The Tetracycline Pipeline
12.5 PTK 0796 (Paratek)
13. Conclusions
13.1 Patent Expiry of Branded Products Will Reduce Growth
13.2 Cephalosporins to Continue Their Domination of the Antibacterials Sector in the Near Future
13.3 Future Antibacterial Blockbusters
13.5 Market Restraints
13.6 Opportunities in the Antibacterials Market
13.7 Antibacterials Pipeline Overview
13.8 The Future of the Antibacterials Market - Closing Comments
List of Tables
Table 1.1 The Top 15 Antibacterial Drugs, 2009
Table 2.1 Clinically-Important Bacteria
Table 3.1 The Global General Systemic Anti-Infectives Market ($m, %), 2009
Table 3.2 The Anti-Bacterial Global Market Share ($m) by Therapeutic Class, 2009
Table 3.3 Worldwide Sales ($m) of Therapeutic Classes in the Miscellaneous Category, 2009
Table 3.4 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Antibacterial Drugs, by Class, 2009-2015
Table 3.5 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Antibacterial Drugs, by Class, 2016-2024
Table 3.6 Worldwide Sales ($m) for Top 15 Antibacterial Drugs, 2009
Table 4.1 Worldwide Sales ($m) of Top 15 Products in The Cephalosporins Therapeutic Area
Table 4.2 World Forecasts ($m) for the Cephalosporin Class of Antibacterial Drugs, 2008-2015
Table 4.3 World Forecasts ($m) for the Cephalosporin Class of Antibacterial Drugs, 2016-2024
Table 4.4 World Market Revenue ($m), 15 Year CAGR (%) and Market Share (%) for Cephalosporin Drugs, 2009-2024
Table 4.5 Leading Companies for Cephalosporins ($m), 2009
Table 4.6 Cephalosporins Sales ($m) by Region and Country, 2009
Table 4.7 Cephalosporins Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in Africa, Asia,Australasia, 2009
Table 4.8 Cephalosporins Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in Europe, 2009
Table 4.9 Cephalosporins Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in North & South America, 2009
Table 5.1 World Sales ($m) for Top 15 Products in The Broad Spectrum Penicillins Therapeutic Area, 2009
Table 5.2 World Forecasts ($m) for Broad-Spectrum Penicillins Class, 2008-2015
Table 5.3 World Forecasts ($m) for Broad-Spectrum Penicillins Class, 2016-2024
Table 5.4 World Market Revenue ($m), 15 Year CAGR (%) and Market Share (%) for Broad-Spectrum Penicillins Drugs, 2009-2024
Table 5.5 World Sales ($m) of Leading Companies for Broad Spectrum Penicillins, 2009
Table 5.6 Broad Spectrum Penicillins Sales ($m) by Region and Country, 2009
Table 5.7 Broad Spectrum Penicillins Sales ($m) for Region and Leading Countries in Africa, Asia, Australasia, 2009
Table 5.8 Broad Spectrum Penicillins Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in Europe, 2009
Table 5.9 Broad Spectrum Penicillins Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in North & South America, 2009
Table 6.1 World Sales ($m) of The Top 15 Drugs in the Fluorquinolones Therapeutic Area, 2009
Table 6.2 World Forecasts ($m) for the Fluorquinolones Class of Antibacterial Drugs, 2009-2015
Table 6.3 World Forecast ($m) for the Fluorquinolones Class of Antibacterial Drugs, 2016-2024
Table 6.4 World Revenue ($m), 15 Year CAGR (%) and Market Share (%) for Fluorquinolone Drugs, 2009-2024
Table 6.5 World Sales ($m) of Leading Companies for Fluoroquinolones, 2009
Table 6.6 Fluoroquinolones Sales ($m) by Region and Country, 2009
Table 6.7 Fluoroquinolones Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in Africa, Asia and Australasia, 2009
Table 6.8 Fluoroquinolones Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in Europe, 2009
Table 6.9 Fluoroquinolones Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in North & South America, 2009
Table 7.1 World Sales ($m) of Top-15 Products in the Macrolides and Similar Types Therapeutic Area, 2009
Table 7.2 World Forecasts ($m) for the Macrolides Class of Antibacterial Drugs, 2009-2015
Table 7.3 World Forecasts ($m) for Macrolides Class of Antibacterial Drugs, 2016-2024
Table 7.4 World Market Revenue ($m), 15 Year CAGR (%) and Market Share (%) for Macrolide Drugs, 2009-2024
Table 7.5 World Sales ($m) of Leading Companies for Macrolides and Similar Types, 2009
Table 7.6 Sales ($m) by Region and Country for Macrolides and Similar Types, 2009
Table 7.7 Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in Africa, Asia and Australasia for Macrolides and Similar Types, 2009
Table 7.8 Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in Europe for Macrolides and Similar Types, 2009
Table 7.9 Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in North & South America for Macrolides and Similar Types, 2009
Table 8.1 World Sales ($m) of Top 15 Products in The Total Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials Therapeutic Area, 2009
Table 8.2 World Forecasts ($m) for the Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials Class of Antibacterial Drugs, 2009-2015
Table 8.3 World Forecast ($m) for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials Class of Antibacterial Drugs, 2016-2024
Table 8.4 World Market Revenue ($m), 15 Year CAGR (%) And Market Share (%) for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials Drugs, 2009-2024
Table 8.5 World Sales ($m) of Leading Companies for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
Table 8.6 Sales ($m) by Region and Country for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
Table 8.7 Sales ($m) in Africa, Asia, Australasia for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
Table 8.8 Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in Europe for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
Table 8.9 Sales ($m) by Region and Leading Countries in North & South America for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
Table 9.1 World Sales ($m) of Top 15 Products in The Miscellaneous Category, 2009
Table 9.2 World Forecasts ($m) for the Miscellaneous Class of Antibacterial Drugs, 2009-2015
Table 9.3 World Forecast ($m) for Miscellaneous Class of Antibacterial Drugs, 2016-2024
Table 9.4 World Market Revenue ($m), 15 Year CAGR (%) and Market Share (%) for Leading Drugs in Miscellaneous Class, 2009-2024
Table 10.1 SWOT Chart for the Antibacterials Market, 2009-2024
Table 12.1 Pipeline Drugs for Antibacterials (Registered & Pre-reg Phase), 2009
Table 12.2 Pipeline Drugs for Antibacterials (Phase III, II), 2009
Table 13.1 World Revenues ($m) for the Leading Antibacterial Drugs, by Class, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2022 & 2024
Table 13.2 The Top 10 Antibacterial Drugs on the World Market, by Revenue ($m), 2009
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 The Global General Systemic Anti-Infectives Market Shares and Values ($m, %), 2009
Figure 3.2 The Anti-Bacterial Global Market Share ($m) by Therapeutic Class, 2009
Figure 3.3 The Anti-Bacterial Global Market Share (%) by Therapeutic Class, 2024
Figure 3.4 Worldwide Market Share (%) of Therapeutic Classes in The Miscellaneous Category, 2009
Figure 3.5 World Forecast ($m) for Systemic Antibacterial Drugs, 2009-2015
Figure 3.6 World Forecast ($m) for Systemic Antibacterial Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 3.7 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Antibacterial Classes, 2009-2015
Figure 3.8 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Antibacterial Classes, 2016-2024
Figure 3.9 Worldwide Sales ($m) for Leading Top 15 Antibacterial Drugs, 2009
Figure 4.1 Worldwide Sales ($m) for Leading 15 Drugs in The Cephalosporins Therapeutic Area, 2009
Figure 4.2 World Forecast ($m) for Cephalosporin Drugs, 2008-2015
Figure 4.3 World Forecast ($m) for Cephalosporin Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 4.4 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Cephalosporin Drugs, 2009-2015
Figure 4.5 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Cephalosporin Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 4.6 World Market Share (%) for Cephalosporins by Leading Drugs, 2009
Figure 4.7 World Market Share (%) for Cephalosporins by Leading Drugs, 2024
Figure 4.8 World Cephalosporins Share (%) of Sales by Regional Markets, 2009
Figure 4.9 Cephalosporin Sales ($m) in Asia, Australasia, Africa (AAA) Region, 2009
Figure 4.10 Cephalosporin Sales ($m) in Europe, 2009
Figure 4.11 Cephalosporins Market Share (%) in North America, 2009
Figure 4.12 Cephalosporin Sales ($m) in Latin America, 2009
Figure 5.1 World Sales ($m) of Leading 15 Drugs in The Broad Spectrum Penicillins Therapeutic Area, 2009
Figure 5.2 World Forecast ($m) for Broad Spectrum Penicillins Drugs, 2008-2015
Figure 5.3 World Forecast ($m) for Broad Spectrum Penicillins Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 5.4 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Broad Spectrum Penicillins Drugs, 2008-2015
Figure 5.5 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Broad Spectrum Penicillins Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 5.6 World Market Share (%) for Broad Spectrum Penicillins by Leading Drugs, 2009
Figure 5.7 World Market Share (%) for Broad Spectrum Penicillins by Leading Drugs, 2024
Figure 5.8 Broad Spectrum Penicillins Sales ($m) by Regional Markets, 2009
Figure 5.9 Broad Spectrum Penicillins Sales ($m) in Asia, Australasia, Africa (AAA) Region, 2009
Figure 5.10 Broad Spectrum Penicillins Sales ($m) in Europe, 2009
Figure 5.11 Broad Spectrum Penicillins Sales ($m) in North America, 2009
Figure 5.12 Broad Spectrum Penicillins Sales ($m) in Latin America, 2009
Figure 6.1 Worldwide Sales ($m) of Leading 15 Drugs in The Fluorquinolone Therapeutic Area, 2009
Figure 6.2 World Forecast ($m) for Fluorquinolones Drugs, 2009-2015
Figure 6.3 World Forecast ($m) for Fluorquinolones Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 6.4 Forecasts ($m) for Leading Fluorquinolones Drugs, 2008-2015
Figure 6.5 Forecasts ($m) for Leading Fluorquinolones Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 6.6 World Market Share (%) for Fluorquinolones by Leading Drugs, 2009
Figure 6.7 World Market Share (%) for Fluorquinolones by Leading Drugs, 2024
Figure 6.8 Fluoroquinolones Sales ($m) by Regional Markets, 2009
Figure 6.9 Fluoroquinolones Sales ($m) in Asia, Australasia, Africa (AAA) Region, 2009
Figure 6.10 Fluoroquinolones Sales ($m) in Europe, 2009
Figure 6.11 Fluoroquinolones Sales ($m) in North America, 2009
Figure 6.12 Fluoroquinolones Sales ($m) in Latin America, 2009
Figure 7.1 World Sales ($m) of Leading 15 Drugs in the Macrolides and Similar Types Therapeutic Area, 2009
Figure 7.2 World Forecast ($m) for Macrolides and Similar Drugs, 2009-2015
Figure 7.3 World Forecast ($m) for Macrolides and Similar Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 7.4 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Macrolides and Similar Drugs, 2009-2015
Figure 7.5 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Macrolides and Similar Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 7.6 World Market Share (%) for Macrolides and Similar by Leading Drugs, 2009
Figure 7.7 World Market Share (%) for Macrolides and Similar by Leading Drugs, 2024
Figure 7.8 Macrolides and Similar Types, Sales ($m) by Regional Markets, 2009
Figure 7.9 Sales ($m) in Asia, Australasia, Africa (AAA) Region for Macrolides and Similar Types, 2009
Figure 7.10 Sales ($m) in Europe for Macrolides and Similar Types, 2009
Figure 7.11 Sales ($m) in North America for Macrolides and Similar Types, 2009
Figure 7.12 Sales ($m) in Latin America for Macrolides and Similar Types, 2009
Figure 8.1 World Sales ($m) of Leading 15 Drugs in The Other Beta-lactam Antibacterial Class, 2009
Figure 8.2 World Forecast ($m) for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterial Drugs, 2009-2015
Figure 8.3 World Forecast ($m) for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 8.4 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials Drugs, 2009-2015
Figure 8.5 World Forecasts ($m) for Leading Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 8.6 World Market Share (%) for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials by Leading Drugs, 2009
Figure 8.7 World Market Share (%) for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials by Leading Drugs, 2024
Figure 8.8 Sales ($m) by Regional Markets for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
Figure 8.9 Sales ($m) in Asia, Australasia, Africa (AAA) Region for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
Figure 8.10 Sales ($m) in Europe for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
Figure 8.11 Sales ($m) in North America for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
Figure 8.12 Sales ($m) in Latin America for Other Beta-lactam Antibacterials, 2009
Figure 9.1 World Sales ($m) of Top 15 Products in The Miscellaneous Category, 2009
Figure 9.2 World Forecasts ($m) for Miscellaneous Class Antibacterial Drugs, 2008-2015
Figure 9.3 World Forecasts ($m) for Miscellaneous Class Antibacterial Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 9.4 Forecasts ($m) for Leading Miscellaneous Class Antibacterial Drugs, 2009-2015
Figure 9.5 Forecasts ($m) for Leading Miscellaneous Class Antibacterial Drugs, 2016-2024
Figure 9.6 World Market Share (%) for Miscellaneous Class by Leading Drugs, 2009
Figure 9.7 World Market Share (%) for Miscellaneous Class by Leading Drugs, 2024
Figure 13.1 Revenues ($m) for the Leading Antibacterial Drugs, by Class, 2009-2024