1. Executive Summary
1.1 Focus of this Report
1.2 Growth Drivers for Emerging Markets
1.3. High Potential for Mobility in Rural and Remote Areas
1.4 Universal Access
2 Rural Telephony for Rural Development in Developing Countries
2.1 Furthering socio-economic development in Developing Countries
2.2 Delivering growth in the prevailing adverse economic climate
2.3 Raising Living Standards
2.4 The role of mobile telephony
2.3 Mobile phone ownership
2.4 Payment modes
2.5 Social networking
3. Barriers for Growth in Rural Telephony
3.1 Low comparative revenues
3.2 Backhaul
3.3 Power
3.4 Geographic considerations
3.4.1 Terrain, soil and rock conditions
3.4.2 Forested areas, parks and protected areas
3.5 Demographic considerations
3.5.1 Population Size
3.5.2 Population Density
3.6 Commercial considerations
3.6.1 Transportation Costs
3.6.2 Other Service Costs
3.6.3 Vandalism and thefts
4 Universal Access - Why, What and How?
4.1 Challenges with Universal Access
4.2 Funding
4.3 Two gaps to address: Poverty and Isolation
4.4 USO
4.5 UAF
4.6 Management of the fund
5 The Role of Governments and Regional/Multilateral Institutions
5.1 Favourable interconnection terms
5.2 Universal service fund or tax credits
5.3 Sharing infrastructure
5.4 Creation of regulatory environments
6. Status and Challenges in Different Countries
6.1 Brazil
6.1.1 Brazilian Market Overview
6.1.2 Policy Management and Issues
6.2 Peru
6.2.1 Peruvian Market Overview
6.2.2 Policy Creation and Management
6.3 Nigeria
6.3.1 Nigerian Market Overview
6.3.2 Policy Management and Issues
6.4 Indonesia
6.4.1 Indonesian Market Overview
6.4.2 Policy Implementation
6.4.3 Technological Criteria
6.5 People's Republic of China
6.5.1 Chinese Market Overview
6.5.2 Risks and limitations of the Chinese market
6.6 Bangladesh
6.6.1 Bangladesh Market Overview
6.6.2 Private sector participation: Outline of the Grameenphone Success Story
6.7 India
6.7.1 Indian Market Overview
6.7.2 Universal Service Inititiatives and Issues
6.7.3 Specific challenges in India
6.8 Kenya
7. Role of Ultra Low Cost Handsets in Rural Telephony
7.1 Motorola
7.2 Nokia
7.3 Samsung
7.4 LG
7.5 Sony Ericsson
7.6 Other vendors
7.7. CDMA Scenario
8 Initiatives involving Rural Telephony Operators
8.1 Bharti Airtel, India
8.1.1 Bharti-IFFCO Rural Joint Venture
8.2 Reliance Communications, India
8.2.1 Reliance RDEL Project
8.2.2 RDEL: An effective adoption stimulus
8.3 Zain Group
8.3.1 Zain RAI scheme, Nigeria
8.3.2 Zain One Network Project
8.4 Vodacom, Southern Africa
8.4.1 Vodacom Community Services, South Africa
8.5 MTN, South Africa
8.5.1 MTN Community Telecentres
8.6 Telkomsel, Indonesia
8.6.1 Indonesian Government Contracts
8.7 China Mobile
8.7.1 China Mobile rural initiatives
8.8 Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL), India
8.9 Vodafone Essar, India
8.9.1 Strategic Initiatives: ULCH, Distribution channels, customer service
8.10 Idea Cellular, India
8.11 Movistar Perú, Peru
8.11.1 Movistar Renace project
8.12 Safaricom, Kenya
8.13 MTN Uganda
8.14 Grameenphone, Bangladesh
9. Justification for UMTS and HSPA in Rural Districts
9.1 UMTS
9.1.1 UMTS 900
9.1.2 HSPA: HSUPA and HSDPA
9.1.3 Recent activities using UMTS and HSPA that are justified in rural areas
9.2 VSAT-based solutions for Rural Telephony
9.2.1 Gilat Satellite Networks
9.2.2 Hughes Network Systems (HNS)
9.3 Broadband Wireless Access (BWA)
9.3.1 Potential for growth in underserved areas: BWA
9.3.2 Advantages of BWA
9.4 WiMAX
9.4.1 Key benefits of WiMAX technology
9.4.2 WiMAX certification
9.4.3 Benefits of using WiMAX compliant equipment
9.4.4 Market for WiMAX
9.4.5 WiMAX in Mobile Communications
9.4.5.1 IEEE 802.16 Standards
9.4.5.2 IEEE 802.16-2004
9.5 WiMAX Frequency Spectrum
9.5.1 Licensed bands
9.5.2 Unlicensed Bands: 5GHz U-NII & WRC Bands
9.5.3 More Frequency Bands for WiMAX
9.5.4 Block Size
9.6 Spectrum availability and regulatory issues
9.7 Case Study - WiMAX vendors and services in Nigeria
9.7.1 Hyperia
9.7.2 Direct on PC (DOPC)
9.7.3 Monarch Communications
9.7.4 Netcom
9.7.5 IpNX
9.7.6 Suburban Telecom
9.7.7 Startech Connection Ltd
9.7.8 Cost
9.7.9 Vendors'offerings and related frequency bands
10 Conclusion
10.1 Economic progress and community empowerment
10.2 Rural Coverage Drivers
10.3 Outline Forecasts
10.3.1 Impact on Global Subscriber Growth
10.3.2 Impact on Devices and Services
List of Charts, Tables and Figures
Figure 1. Two-gap models illustrating the limitations of the market place
Figure 2. Official USO Requirement in Mongolia
Table 1. Universal Access funding models by country
Chart 1. Proposed Allocation of FUST in Brazil
Chart 2. Teledensity and subscriber growth in Nigeria
Table 3. Urban-Rural Teledensity in India 2001-2007
Chart 3. Urban-Rural Teledensity in India 2001-2007
Chart 4 Comparison of Fixed and mobile networks in Kenya
Figure 3. Rural coverage of mobile networks in Uganda
Figure 4. Motorola Motofone F3
Figure 5. Motorola W388
Figure 6. Samsung guru100
Figure 7. LG KG288
Figure 8. CDMA ULCH Price Ranges
Figure 9. Rural growth momentum for China Mobile
Table 4. A definition of fixed and mobile access
Table 10. Vendors' offerings and related frequency bands
Chart 6. Global Mobile Penetration
Chart 7. Global Coverage availability
Chart 8. Global rural subscriber growth and contribution to global market expansion
Chart 9. Impact on UCLH shipments