1 Executive Summary
2 Vaccines and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
2.1 Immunisation and Types of Vaccine
2.1.1 Vaccines: A Healthcare Triumph
2.1.2 The Immune System and Natural Immunity
2.1.3 Edward Jenner Laid the Foundation for Modern Vaccines
2.1.4 Vaccines Work by Creating Artificial Immunity
2.1.5 Vaccine Formulation
2.1.6 Types of Vaccine
2.1.6.1 Classification of Vaccines
2.1.6.2 Live, Attenuated Vaccines
2.1.6.3 Recombinant Live Vaccines
2.1.6.4 Inactivated Vaccines
2.1.6.5 Toxoid Vaccines
2.1.6.6 Subunit Vaccines
2.1.6.7 Conjugate Vaccines
2.1.6.8 Recombinant Subunit Vaccines
2.1.6.9 DNA Vaccines
2.1.6.10 Recombinant Vector Vaccines
2.2 Vaccine Preventable Diseases
2.2.1 Cervical Cancer/Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
2.2.2 Chickenpox and Shingles
2.2.3 Cholera
2.2.4 Diphtheria
2.2.5 Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Diseases
2.2.6 Hepatitis A
2.2.7 Hepatitis B
2.2.8 Influenza
2.2.8.1 Influenza Prevalence
2.2.8.2 The Influenza Virus
2.2.8.3 Influenza Pandemics and Avian Influenza
2.2.8.4 Influenza Vaccination
2.2.9 Japanese Encephalitis
2.2.10 Measles
2.2.11 Meningococcal Diseases
2.2.12 Mumps
2.2.13 Pertussis
2.2.14 Polio
2.2.15 Rotavirus Diseases
2.2.16 Rubella
2.2.17 Streptococcus Pneumoniae Infections
2.2.18 Tetanus
2.2.19 Tick-Borne Encephalitis
2.2.20 Tuberculosis
2.2.21 Typhoid
2.2.22 Yellow Fever
2.3 Top-Selling Vaccines in 2007
2.3.1 Paediatric Vaccines
2.3.1.1 Prevnar/Prevenar
2.3.1.2 Polio/Pertussis/Hib Vaccines (Sanofi-Aventis)
2.3.1.3 Infanrix/Pediarix
2.3.1.4 Varivax
2.3.1.5 M-M-R II
2.3.1.6 ProQuad
2.3.1.7 Menactra
2.3.1.8 RotaTeq
2.3.1.9 Rotarix
2.3.2 Other/Adult Vaccines
2.3.2.1 Adacel
2.3.2.2 Pneumovax
2.3.2.3 Zostavax
2.3.3 Influenza Vaccines
2.3.3.1 Fluzone/Vaxigrip/Mutagrip
2.3.3.2 Fluarix and FluLaval
2.3.3.3 Fluvirin
2.3.4 Prophylactic Cancer Vaccines
2.3.4.1 Gardasil
2.3.4.2 Cervarix
2.3.5 Hepatitis Vaccines
2.3.5.1 GSK Hepatitis Vaccines
2.3.5.2 Havrix
2.3.5.3 Engerix-B
2.3.5.4 Twinrix/Ambirix
2.3.5.5 Merck & Co./Sanofi Pasteur MSD Hepatitis Vaccines
2.3.5.6 Vaqta/Avaxim
2.3.5.7 Recombivax HB/HBvaxPRO
2.3.6 Therapeutic Vaccines
2.3.6.1 Grazax (ALK-Abelló/Menarini)
3 The World Vaccine Market
3.1 World Vaccine Market Forecast, 2008-2023
3.1.1 The World Vaccine Market Will Double by 2013
3.1.2 Therapeutic Vaccines Will Become Established
3.1.3 The World Vaccine Market, 2018-2023
3.2 Sales Forecast by Vaccine Class, 2008-2023
3.2.1 The Leading Vaccine Classes in 2007
3.2.2 Paediatric Vaccine Market Share
3.2.3 Other/Adult Vaccines Sales Forecast
3.2.4 Influenza Vaccines Market Growth
3.2.5 Prophylactic Cancer Vaccines Market
3.2.6 Hepatitis Vaccines Market
3.2.7 Rapid Growth for Therapeutic Vaccines
3.3 Leading Vaccine Manufacturers
3.3.1 A Few Major Players Dominate the Vaccine Market
3.3.2 High Entry Barriers to Market
3.4 Sales Forecast for Leading Vaccine Brands, 2008-2013
3.4.1 Leading Paediatric Vaccine Brand Forecasts, 2008-2023
3.4.1.1 Prevnar/Prevenar
3.4.1.2 Polio/Pertussis/Hib Vaccines
3.4.1.3 Infanrix/Pediarix
3.4.1.4 Varivax
3.4.1.5 M-M-R II
3.4.1.6 ProQuad
3.4.1.7 Menactra
3.4.1.8 RotaTeq
3.4.1.9 Rotarix
3.4.2 Leading Other/Adult Vaccine Brand Forecasts, 2008-2023
3.4.2.1 Adacel
3.4.2.2 Pneumovax
3.4.2.3 Zostavax
3.4.3 Leading Influenza Vaccine Brand Forecasts, 2008-2023
3.4.4 Leading Prophylactic Cancer Vaccine Brand Forecasts, 2008-2023
3.4.4.1 Gardasil
3.4.4.2 Cervarix
3.4.5 Leading Hepatitis Vaccine Brand Forecasts, 2008-2023
4 SWOT Analysis of the Vaccine Market
4.1 Analysis of the Market
4.2 Key Strengths of the Vaccine Industry
4.2.1 Vaccines Work
4.2.2 New Vaccine Technologies
4.2.2.1 Vaccine Manufacturers are Expanding the Scope of Vaccines
4.2.2.2 New Types of Vaccine
4.2.2.3 New Adjuvants for Vaccines
4.2.2.4 New Vaccine Delivery Mechanisms and Formulations
4.2.2.5 Other Developments in Vaccine Technology
4.2.3 New High-Margin Vaccines
4.2.4 Vaccines Will Not Face Significant Generic Competition
4.2.5 Personalised Vaccines
4.3 The Vaccines Industry: Weaknesses
4.3.1 Vaccine Research and Development is Lengthy and Expensive
4.3.1.1 The Vaccine Research and Development Process
4.3.1.2 Vaccine Research and Development and Outsourcing
4.3.2 Vaccine Manufacturing
4.3.2.1 Vaccine Manufacturing has High Costs
4.3.2.2 China, India and Brazil
4.3.3 Consolidation of the Industry
4.4 Opportunities for the Vaccine Industry
4.4.1 Vaccines for Diseases Currently Without a Vaccine
4.4.1.1 The Most Important Non-Vaccine Preventable Diseases
4.4.1.2 Cancer
4.4.1.3 Dengue Fever
4.4.1.4 Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
4.4.1.5 Helicobacter Pylori Infections.
4.4.1.6 Hepatitis C
4.4.1.7 Hepatitis E
4.4.1.8 HIV/AIDS
4.4.1.9 Malaria
4.4.1.10 Nosocomial Infections
4.4.1.11 Respiratory Infections
4.4.1.12 Roundworm and Hookworm Infections
4.4.1.13 Sexually-Transmitted Diseases
4.4.1.14 Tobacco
4.4.1.15 West Nile Virus Infections
4.4.2 Improved Vaccines for Partially Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
4.4.2.1 Vaccines Effective Against More Strains
4.4.2.2 Towards a Universal Influenza Vaccine
4.4.2.3 The Need for an Improved Tuberculosis Vaccine
4.4.3 Biodefence
4.4.3.1 The Future for Bioterrorism Vaccines
4.4.3.2 Pandemic-Preparedness
4.4.4 Changing World Demographics
4.5 Key Threats Facing the Vaccine Industry
4.5.1 The Anti-Vaccine Movement
4.5.1.1 Misinformation about Side-Effects of Vaccines
4.5.1.2 MMR Misinformation in the UK
4.5.1.3 Controversy Surrounding Mercury-Containing Vaccines
4.5.1.4 Campaigns Against Cervical Cancer Vaccines
4.5.1.5 Consequences of Anti-Vaccine Campaigns
4.5.2 Vaccines in the Developing World
4.5.2.1 Vaccine Distribution Networks
4.5.2.2 Vaccine Cost in Developing Countries
4.5.2.3 Improving Access to Vaccines in the Developing World
5 Vaccine Country Markets
5.1 The Vaccine Market in 2007: Geographical Analysis
5.1.1 The Commercial and Donor Vaccine Markets
5.1.2 Leading Vaccine Country Markets, 2007
5.1.3 Sales Forecast for Leading Vaccine Country Markets, 2008-2023
5.2 Leading Vaccine Country Markets
5.2.1 The US Vaccine Market
5.2.1.1 The US Vaccine Market, 2007
5.2.1.2 The US Vaccine Market, 2008-2023
5.2.2 The European Vaccine Market
5.2.2.1 The German Vaccine Market
5.2.2.2 The French Vaccine Market
5.2.2.3 The UK Vaccine Market
5.2.3 The Japanese Vaccine Market
5.2.4 The Chinese Vaccine Market
5.2.4.1 China is the Largest Vaccine Consumer in the World
5.2.4.2 Chinese Vaccine Manufacturing
5.2.4.3 Chinese Vaccine Research and Development
5.2.5 The Indian Vaccine Market
5.2.5.1 The Indian Vaccine Market is Rapidly Expanding
5.2.5.2 India is an Important Vaccine Exporter
5.2.5.3 Vaccine Research and Development in India
5.2.6 The Donor Vaccine Market
6 The Vaccine Pipeline
6.1 The Most Promising Sectors of the Vaccines Pipeline
6.2 Paediatric Vaccines Pipeline
6.2.1 Key Development in Paediatric Vaccines, 2008-2013
6.2.2 Hexaxim
6.2.3 Synflorix
6.2.4 Prevnar 13
6.2.5 Unifive
6.2.6 MenACWY-TT
6.2.7 Menveo/MenACWY-CRM
6.2.8 Hib-MenCY-TT
6.2.9 MenB
6.2.10 Meningitis B Vaccine
6.2.11 ORV 116E
6.3 Other/Adult Vaccines Pipeline
6.3.1 Key Developments in Other/Adult Vaccines, 2008-2013
6.3.2 Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines
6.3.2.1 Ixiaro/IC51
6.3.2.2 ChimeriVax-JE
6.3.3 Adenovirus Vaccines
6.3.4 Simplirix
6.3.5 Flavinum
6.3.6 HIV/AIDS Vaccines
6.3.6.1 ALVAC-HIV/AIDSVAX B/E
6.3.6.2 tgAAC09
6.3.6.3 VRC-HIVADV014-00VP
6.3.7 Biodefence Vaccines
6.3.7.1 Anthrax Vaccine
6.3.7.2 rF1V Plague Vaccine
6.3.7.3 Imvamune
6.3.8 CholeraGarde
6.3.9 Cytomegalovirus Vaccine
6.3.10 Dengue Fever Vaccines
6.3.10.1 ChimeriVax-Dengue
6.3.10.2 Dengue Virus Vaccine
6.3.11 Mosquirix
6.3.12 Nosocomial Infection Vaccines
6.3.12.1 Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Vaccine
6.3.12.2 V 710/Staphylococcus Aureus Vaccine
6.3.12.3 ACAM-CDIFF
6.3.12.4 StaphVAX
6.3.13 143717A/Varicella Zoster Virus Vaccine
6.3.14 Travellers’ Diarrhoea Vaccines
6.3.14.1 ACE393/Campylobacter Jejuni Vaccine
6.3.14.2 Travellers’ Diarrhoea Vaccine (Escherichia Coli)
6.3.15 GSK M72/Tuberculosis Vaccine
6.3.16 Typhoid Vaccine
6.3.17 ChimeriVax-West Nile
6.4 Influenza Vaccines Pipeline
6.4.1 Key Developments in Influenza Vaccines, 2008-2013
6.4.2 Cell-Based Influenza Vaccines
6.4.2.1 The Switch from Eggs
6.4.2.2 Optaflu
6.4.2.3 Influvac TC
6.4.2.4 FluBløk
6.4.2.5 Vero-Cell Technology
6.4.2.6 Per C6
6.4.3 H5N1 Influenza Vaccines
6.4.4 Novel Delivery Systems for Influenza Vaccines
6.4.5 New Adjuvants for Influenza Vaccines
6.4.6 ACAM-FLU-A
6.5 Hepatitis Vaccines Pipeline
6.5.1 Hepsilav/V270
6.5.2 Hepatitis B Vaccine
6.5.3 V 419/Hepatitis B Vaccine
6.5.4 Hepatitis E Vaccine
6.6 Prophylactic Cancer Vaccines Pipeline
6.6.1 V502/Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
6.6.2 Novel Prophylactic Cancer Vaccines
6.6.2.1 Epstein-Barr Virus Vaccine
6.6.2.2 Helicobacter Pylori Vaccine
6.7 Therapeutic Vaccines Pipeline
6.7.1 Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines
6.7.1.1 Sipuleucel–T/Provenge
6.7.1.2 TroVax
6.7.1.3 MAGE-A3 ASCI
6.7.1.4 Stimuvax
6.7.1.5 OncoVAX
6.7.1.6 MVax
6.7.1.7 CDX-110
6.7.1.8 Reniale
6.7.1.9 Biovaxid
6.7.1.10 Allovectin-7
6.7.1.11 GV1001
6.7.2 Therapeutic Vaccines for Hepatitis
6.7.2.1 Therapeutic Hepatitis B Vaccine
6.7.2.2 IC41/Hepatitis C Vaccine
6.7.2.3 GI-5005/Hepatits C Treatment Vaccine
6.7.2.4 ChronVac-C
6.7.3 Therapeutic Vaccines for HIV Infection
6.7.4 Therapeutic Vaccines for Other Viral Infections
6.7.4.1 TG 4001/R3484 (MVA-HPV-IL2/HPV Vaccine)
6.7.4.2 Cytomegalovirus Therapeutic Vaccine
6.7.5 Therapeutic Addiction Vaccines
6.7.5.1 Addiction Vaccines Will Target Nicotine and Drug Dependence
6.7.5.2 NicVAX
6.7.5.3 NIC002
6.7.5.4 TA-NIC
6.7.5.5 Niccine
6.7.5.6 TA-CD
6.7.6 Therapeutic Allergy Vaccines
6.7.6.1 Pollinex Quattro
6.7.6.2 House Dust Mite Allergy Vaccine
6.7.7 Therapeutic Vaccines for Chronic Disease
7 Expert Opinion from Key Opinion-Leaders in the Vaccine Industry
7.1 Dr Michael Watson, Executive Vice President Research and Development, Acambis
7.1.1 The Key Unmet Vaccine Needs in 2008
7.1.2 The Acambis Vaccine Pipeline and the ChimeriVax Platform
7.1.3 A Clostridium Difficile Vaccine
7.1.4 Progress Towards a Universal Influenza Vaccine
7.1.5 Improving Access to Vaccines in Developing Countries
7.1.6 The Future for Biodefence Vaccines
7.1.7 Highlights of the Acambis Pipeline
7.2 Gregory A. Poland, M.D., MACP, FIDSA, Mary Lowell Leary Endowed Professor of Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic (US)
7.2.1 Personalised Vaccines
7.2.2 Growth of Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines and Addiction Vaccines
7.2.3 Ignorance and Misconceptions about Vaccines
7.3 Dr Raafat Fahim, President and Chief Executive Officer of Nabi Biopharmaceuticals
7.3.1 Vaccines in the Pipeline for Nicotine Addiction
7.3.2 Vaccines in the Pipeline for Staphylococcus, Including MRSA, Infection
7.3.3 Nabi Biopharmaceuticals are Investigating the Anti-Viral RENS
7.4 Dr Ronald Ellis, Senior Vice President and Chief Technical Officer, NasVax, Israel
7.4.1 The Key Unmet Vaccine Needs in 2008
7.4.2 New Adjuvants for Influenza Vaccines
7.4.3 The Future for Intranasal Vaccines
7.4.4 The Vaccine Technology of the Future
7.4.5 The Future for Therapeutic Vaccines
7.5 Dr Steen S. Klysner, Chief Executive Officer, Nordic Vaccine
7.5.1 Nordic Vaccine’s Immune Enhancing Nano-Particle and Skin Patch Vaccine Technology
7.5.2 Vaccine Technology in 2023
7.5.3 Vaccines Will be Developed for New Diseases by 2023
8 Conclusions
8.1 The ‘Vaccine Boost’
8.2 Vaccines Will Outperform the Overall Pharmaceutical Market During 2008-2023
8.3 Vaccine Growth Drivers
8.4 Emerging Markets for Vaccines
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Vaccine Preventable Disease Statistics
Table 2.2 Vaccine Classes
Table 2.3 Example Brands for Polio/Pertussis/Hib Vaccines (Sanofi-Aventis*)
Table 2.4 Brands in the Infanrix/Pediarix Range of Vaccines
Table 3.1 Worldwide Vaccine Market ($bn), 2007-2013
Table 3.2 Worldwide Vaccine Market ($bn), 2014-2023
Table 3.3 Vaccines Sales ($bn) and Market Share by Vaccine Class, 2007
Table 3.4 Vaccines Sales ($bn) by Vaccine Class, 2007-2013
Table 3.5 Vaccines Sales ($bn) by Vaccine Class, 2014-2023
Table 3.6 Leading Vaccine Manufacturers, 2007
Table 3.7 Leading Paediatric Vaccine Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Table 3.8 Leading Other/Adult Vaccine Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Table 3.9 Leading Influenza Vaccine Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Table 3.10 Gardasil Sales ($bn), 2007
Table 3.11 Leading Prophylactic Cancer Vaccine Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Table 3.12 Leading Hepatitis Vaccine Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Table 4.1 SWOT Chart for Vaccines Market
Table 4.2 Selected Diseases Currently Without a Vaccine
Table 4.3 Population Statistics 2007-2023
Table 4.4 GDP China, India, US and Japan, 2007-2023
Table 5.1 Commercial & Donor Vaccine Market, 2007
Table 5.2 Leading Vaccines Country Markets 2007
Table 5.3 Vaccines Sales Forecast ($bn) for Leading Country Markets, 2007-2013
Table 5.4 Vaccines Sales Forecast ($bn) for Leading Country Markets, 2014-2023
Table 6.1 Key Pipeline Paediatric Vaccines
Table 6.2 Key Pipeline Other/Adult Vaccines
Table 6.3 Key Cell-Culture Influenza Vaccines
Table 6.4 Key Pipeline Hepatitis Vaccines
Table 6.5 Key Pipeline Prophylactic Cancer Vaccines
Table 6.6 Key Pipeline Therapeutic Cancer Vaccines
Table 6.7 Key Pipeline Therapeutic Hepatitis Vaccines
Table 6.8 Key Pipeline Therapeutic HIV/AIDS Vaccines
Table 6.9 Key Pipeline Therapeutic Addiction Vaccines
List of Figures
Figure 3.1 Worldwide Vaccine Market ($bn), 2007-2023
Figure 3.2 Market Share by Vaccine Class, 2007
Figure 3.3 Paediatric Vaccine Sales ($bn), 2007-2023
Figure 3.4 Sales ($bn) by Vaccine Class (Excluding Paediatric Vaccines), 2007-2023
Figure 3.5 Vaccine Sales ($bn) and Market Share by Vaccine Class, 2007-2023
Figure 3.6 Market Share by Vaccine Class, 2013
Figure 3.7 Market Share by Vaccine Class, 2018
Figure 3.8 Market Share by Vaccine Class, 2023
Figure 3.9 Leading Vaccine Manufacturers, 2007
Figure 3.10 Prevnar/Prevenar Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 3.11 Leading Paediatric Combination Vaccine Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 3.12 Varivax, M-M-R II and ProQuad Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 3.13 Menactra Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 3.14 RotaTeq and Rotarix Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 3.15 Adacel Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 3.16 Pneumovax Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 3.17 Zostavax Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 3.18 Leading Influenza Vaccine Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 3.19 Leading Prophylactic Cancer Vaccine Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 3.20 Leading Hepatitis Vaccine Sales ($bn), 2007-2013
Figure 4.1 Population of China, India, US and Germany, 2007-2023
Figure 4.2 Gross Domestic Product ($tr) for US, Japan, China and India, 2007-2023
Figure 5.1 Commercial and Donor Vaccine Market Share, 2007
Figure 5.2 Vaccine Market Share by Leading Country, 2007
Figure 5.3 Vaccines Sales for Leading Country Markets 2007-2023: Upper Group
Figure 5.4 Vaccines Sales for Leading Country Markets 2007-2023: Lower Group
Figure 5.5 Vaccine Market Share by Leading Country, 2013
Figure 5.6 Vaccine Market Share by Leading Country, 2018
Figure 5.7 Vaccine Market Share by Leading Country, 2023